Direito à educação, gasto público e desenvolvimento: um exame do cenário brasileiro de 1999 a 2018

Abstract

Historically, education is conceived as a basic and universal right related to nation’s wellbeing and development, characterized as an instrumental freedom (social opportunity), in Amartya Sen's capability approach. In Brazil, education has been foreseen under the law since 1824 Constitution, but only on the 1988 Constitution it did obtained a universal characther. This new understanding demonstrates a change in state's aproach, which needed to align its public policies to meet the constitutional desire. Regarding this, the aim of this paper is to discuss the need for a social development project based on Senian capacities focused on education, verifying the relationship between education and development from the normative framework of the 1988 Constitution and the effects of public investments in education. As specific objectives, the following stands out: verifying the relationship between public expenditure and development in Brazil; analyze how development can be promoted in situations of state resources scarcity, based on Amartya Sen's approach and the analysis of the relationship between development and educational public policy; to develop a survey with a time frame of available data and Brazilian legislation from 1988 onwards to verify the relationship between the legal norm for the imposition of public expenditure on education and its effects towards general population . The research is justified based on the attempt to find the link between education, nation’s social development and public expenditure, with this last criteria being the starting point to verify its influence on other factors. So, the deductive research method was implemented, with a quali-quantitative approach, as a intent to collect budget and monetary data after 1988 and between 2004 - 2018. This methodological choice its objective, explanatory and bibliographical, as it starts from budget data, reports and studies to understand and envision a possible cause and effect relationship between public spending on education and development. The framework of this serach is than divided in three main chapters, the first one discusses the conceptual, qualifying legal, political and economic aspects of public spending, with a view to identifying a legal framework for public spending in Brazil; the second debates development in situations of fiscal crisis, discusses Amartya Sen's capabilities aproach, relating development and educational public policy; and the third chapter analyzed the collected data, as well as the chosen juridical-temporal frame and its justifications, in addition to discussing the effects of the budget execution in Brazilian’s society, within the perspective of development and well-fare. In terms of final considerations, there is a positive conclusion of increased investments in education within the clipping, as well as a positive increase in educational numbers, such as school attendance and completion rate, however, there are still regional and ethnic-racial intersectionalities that needs to be observed, and also, was found that there are targeted investments that must be carried out to break the cycles of poverty, consequently reducing inequality and encouraging full development